Stylistic Functions of Grammar Categories and the Role of Transposition.

ransposition of lexico-grammatic differentiatees of nouns. rhetorical function of articles, genitive case, plural number. Stylistic functions of different grammatic categories in different part of savoir-faire. 1) Stylistic transposition of pronouns. 2) Adjectives, rhetorical function of degrees of comparison. 3) Stylistic functions of oral categories. 4) Stylistic functions of adverbs.Style is less investigated on the morphological level than on any other sensation because actu altogethery galore(postnominal) scholars hold the opinion that stylistic connotations appear only when the use of grammatical phenomenon departs from the normative usage and functions on the outskirts or beyond the system of Standard language. Nevertheless stylistic connotations dont necessarily loaded the violation of the normative speech patterns. They argon based on different cases of transposition. switch is the usage of different parts of speech in ridiculous grammatical meaning which breaks the usual correlation within a grammatical category and is employ to express the vocalizers emotions and his attitude to the object of discussion. It is the shift from one grammatical class to another, controversy between the traditional and situational reference on the level of morphology. (I. V. A. ) 1. successor of lexico-grammatical class (LGC) of NOUNS flip-flop of nouns is based on the usage of nouns in unusual exico-grammatical class (LGC), thus causing a stylistic entrap. According to their usual LGC they be subdivided into Personal nouns (agents) ( piece, woman, children) Living beings (birds, cats, dogs) Collective nouns (mankind, peerage) Material nouns ( piss, stone) Abstract nouns (clarity, kindness), etc. reverse from one LGC to another causes communicative, evaluative, emotive and functional connotations. Thus transposition of somebodyal nouns denoting animals to those denoting people causes metaphorization and appearance of zoological garden morphemes ass, bear, beast and bitch.Pig, donkey, monkey may confuse t container only if ironical connotation, while swine, ass, ape baffle rude, negative coloring. Negative connotation is intensified by emphatic constructions you impudent pup, you filthy swine. I was not going to have all the old tabbies bossing her around just because she is not what they call our class (A. Wilson) affective and communicative connotations are achieved in transposition of abstract nouns into personal nouns (abstract nouns used in plural) The chubby tiny eccentricity a chubby eccentric child. Transposition of parts of speech (AN) Listen, my sweet (coll. ), a man of intelligence, a flush of heat (bookish). Stylistic functions of the Genitive case, plural number and the articles The genitive case is considered to be a tropeal sign of personification alongside with the personal pronouns he and she referred to inanimate objects. The genitive case is special(a) in its usage to the LGC of nouns denoting living beings my fathers room, Georges sister. When used with nouns of some other class the genitive case gets emotive coloring and an elevated ring Englands troubles.My countrys laws. The trees had cockiness in every turg, stretching their buds upward to the suns warmth the blackbirds were in song (J. Galsworthy) The affixs may be also added to the phrase or to the integral sentence Shes the boy I used to go withs mother. Hes the niece, I told you c put ups husband. A comic effect is achieved due to many factors The suffix is added not to a stem but to a noun, followed by a subordinate clause. Logical incompatibility of the following words placed in concert shes the boy hes the niece rounds husband.The use of Plural number in unusual collocations is also a source of expressiveness One Im sorry for you is worth twenty I told you sos. The sentence has a jocular ring because a plural ending s is added to the whole sentence together with the numeral twenty. Abstract nouns used in plural become countable, concrete and acquire additional expressive connotation making the description more vivid and impressive Oh Wilfred has emotions, hates, pities, wants at least sometimes when he does his stuff is jolly good.Otherwise he just makes a song about nothing like the rest (J. Galsworthy) The peculiar look came into Bossineys face which marked all his enthusiasms. sometimes the forms of singular and plural of abstract nouns have different shades of the given abstract notion and are used for emphasis He had nerve but no nerves. LGC of Material nouns as a rule have no plural but in descriptions of nature and landscapes they may be used in plural for the sake of expressiveness The snows of Kilimanjaro, the sands of Africa, the waters of the Ocean.The same effect is achieved when PUs with nouns denoting weight and measure lose their concrete meaning and become synonyms to the pronouns much, many, a lot of, little, few Tons of funs, loads of friends a sea of trouble s, a pound of pardons. Stylistic functions of articles The indefinite article forward a proper name creates an additional evaluative connotation due to the clash of nominal and logical meanings (antonomasia) I dont aim to be a Rembrandt. Have a Van Deyk? A century ago there may have been no Leibnitz, but there was a Gauss, a Faraday, and a Darwin (Winner).The indefinite article tastees a very high evaluation of the role of the scientists in the development of the world science. But very lots the indefinite article forwards the name of ordinary people denotes negative characteristics of the persons under those names I depart neer marry a Malone or a Sykes (Sh. Bronte) The definite article before the denomination may stress that the person is famous or disreputable Yes, the Robinson. Dont you know? The notorious Robinson. (J. Conrade)The repeat of the article intensifies the expressiveness of the enumerated nouns The waiting the hope the disappointment the fear the miser y the poverty the flight of his hopes and the end to his career the suicide, perhaps, of the shabby, slip-shod drunkard (Ch. Dickens). Stylistic transposition of pronouns The personal pronoun is a formal sign of the 1st person narration. If used too often it denotes the speakers self-estimation, self-satisf follow out and egoism And thats where the real businessman comes in where I come in. But I am cleverer than some.I dont mind drop a little money to start the process. I took your fathers measure, I saw that he had a sound idea I sawI knewI explained (B. Shaw) When I is substituted for the indefinite one or you in a generalizing function the contact of the speaker and listener is closer, making the words of the speaker sound modest and reserved You see, Chris, even in quite a small provincial townspeople you could have a clinic, a little team of doctors, each doing his own stuff (A. Cronin). I am ancient but I dont feel it. Thats one thing about painting, it keeps you young .Titian lived to ninety-nine and had to have plague to kill him take. (J. Galswarthy) I may be substituted by nouns a man, a chap, a fellow, a girl. Thus the listener is included in the events and feelings stageed. Archaic pronouns (Archaisms) thee (you), thou (your), thy (your), thine (yours) thyself (yourself) are used in poetry and create a high-flown atmosphere Hail to thee, blithe emotional state Bird thou never wert (P. B. Shelly). Pronouns he, she, it may be formal indication of personification when used in reference to natural phenomena as the sun(he) and the earth(she) in T. Hardys Tess of the dUrbervilles.When he or she are substituted for it living beings are reduced to the class of things, hence a humorous or an ironical effect and just aboutly negative evaluation being created. The same function is performed by pronouns what, this, that, anything and nouns beast, brute, creature Is there anything ill-use with me, Mister Mate? It asked (J. Conrad). We may denote som e group of people with whom the speaker connects himself Because he was a Forsyte we never part with things you know, unless we want something in their place and not always then. (J. Galsworthy) Proverbs We never know the value of water till the well is dry.We soon cerebrate what we desire. There exist the so-called Pluralis Majestatis ( , ? ?. ?) We, the king of Great Britain and Pluralis Modestiae ( ) or the authors we. In fiction Pluralis Modestiae exacts associations with scientific prose and produces the impression of historic truth (authenticity). We soon believe what we desire (Pluralis Modestiae) The pronoun they denotes that the action is performed by a group of people where the speaker is not included, as if he is separated from them My poor girl, what have they been doing to you Demonstrative pronouns this and that single the objects out of the whole class and emotionally stress them George Oh, dont be innocent, Ruth. This house This room This hideous, God-awful ro om This and That may express evoke and irritation, merriment and mockery especially in case of redundancy typical of familiar-conversational style They had this headmaster, this very sly girl. By all means let us have a policy of forgo employment, increased production, no gap between exports and imports, social security, a balanced This and a planned That, but let us also have fountains, exquisite fountains, beautiful fountains(J. B.Priestley) Demonstrative pronouns are especially expressive when used with possessive ones in postposition and accompanied by epithets that lovely ring of yours, that brother of mine, this idea of his, that distressing puppy of yours Adjectives, stylistic function of degrees of comparison Adjectives possess a single grammatical category of comparison, meant to portray the degrees of intensity with the help of comparative and superlative degrees contributing to the expressive stylistic function a most valuable idea, the newest fashion of all, a fooli sh, foolish wife, my wife is a foolishness herself, Is she as foolish as that? . The usage of the comparative degree with other than qualitative adjectives makes them foregrounded due to their expressiveness You cannot be deader than the dead (E. Hemingway). Polysyllabic adjectives form degrees of comparison with more and most, but in case of the synthetic forms er and est the utterance sounds expressive and stylistically relevant Curiouser and curiouser Cried Alice (she was so much surprised that for the moment she quite forgot how to speak good English (L. Carrol).This finesse is used in the language of advertising thus breaking the valency of the incompatible elements joined together the orangemostest drink in the world. There are several(prenominal) structural combinations with adjectives that are very expressive A duck of a boy. A devil of a fellow. Good and strong. Nice and warm. Most happy. much of a lad. More of a realist very happy most happy the greatest pleasure. Styli stic functions of verbal categories Stylistic potentialities of verbs are not enough investigated. Transposition is one of the main sources of expressiveness. Transposition from the past to the render is stylistically relevant.It brings the events which happened in the past closer to the reader. Description becomes more vivid and lively. This kind of transposition is called diachronic (dramatic) present. Historical present instead of the past And then on the night of the banquet she appears in her emeralds, and end-to-end the evening Max pays attention to no one else. (M. Mitchel) (to make the narrative more vivid and dramatic). flavor back, as I was saying into the back of my infancy, the first objects I can remember as footstall out by themselves from a confusion of things, are my mother and Pegotty, what else do I remember? permit me see There comes out of the cloud, our house not new to me, but quite familiar, in its early remembrance. On the ground floor is Pegottys ki tchen, opening into a back yard (Ch. Dickens) Transposition of the upcoming to the present to stress its potential possibility But mark my words The first woman, who fishes for him, hooks him Transposition of the Imperative mood to the Indicative mood I cant stand it Dont tempt me You are coming home with me now (Dr. ) (in emotional speech of characters)Transposition of tenses in speech painting in colloquial speech I says, he, she aint You done me a hammock pass on. Archaic verbal forms are stylistically marked dost, knowest, doth, liveth to create the atmosphere of antiquity in historic novels and in poetry. Transposition from future into present tenses Its a mercy that he did not bring us over a black daughter-in-law, my dear. But mark my words, the first woman who fishes for him, hooks him. (Future action seems potentially performed). Indefinite Continuous suddenly their heads cast shadows forward. A car behind them is coming up the hill.Its lights distend and sway arou nd them (J. Updyke). Past event are described as if going on before the eyes of the reader who becomes a participant of the events. Indicative Imperative I cant stand it Dont tempt me Youre coming home with me now (Dreiser). (in emotional speech of characters) Transposition of auxiliaries may be not only expressive but also functional stylistic. Thus, in speech characterization of heroes there appear the forms of colloquial speech I, he, and we aint, I says, we has (was, is). You done me a hill turn. Time as changed.Archaic verbal forms -st, dost, -th, doth (knowest, knoweth, liveth) create the atmosphere of the past centuries and a highly elevated coloring. modal(prenominal) verbs used in pseudoclauses acquire expressiveness and indignation mixed with nervousness That he should be so careless Not that they should give a warning. Grammatical forms (modal verbs) may acquire expressiveness when repeated several times And Death shall have no dominion Dead men naked, they shall be one With man in the wind and the west moon When their bones are picked clean and the clean bones gone, They shall have stars at elbow and footThough they go mad they shall be sane, Though they sink done the sea they shall rise again Though lovers be lost love shall not, And death shall have no dominion (D. Thomas). The idea of the union of man and nature is intensified in the constant and insistent repetition of shall indicating in this context not only modality but promise and solemn prophecy. It makes the poem very expressive and emotional, pointing out persistent necessity and affirmation. Adverbs are not enough investigated. Their stylistic relevance in the scientific texts is based on their usage as logical connectives.Logical sequence of utterances is achieved with the help of an adverb now in the scientific style. Now there is no normal process except death which completely clears the brains from all past impressions and after death it is impossible to set it going again. (N. Viner) Now- right away (in colloquial speech) She also senses this terrific empathy from him right away. N+wise=ADV budgetwise, trade unionwise I am better off living in Connecticut, but transportationwise and entertainmentwise I am a loser. In fiction verbs are used to create the temporal weather sheet of narration.In E. Hemingways novel For Whom the Bell Tolls the adverb now serves a metronome of dramatic actions before and after the explosion of the bridge. Now, ever, never, forever are the key-words in E. Hemingways prose presenting the shift of the past, present and future. Temporal plane of narration is created with the help of intensifiers now, never, forever, again Just as the earth can never die, neither will those who have ever been free, return to slavery. There is forever for them to remember them in. (E. Hemingway) The stylistic function of intensification.